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The condition can be caused by vascular, neurologic, psychological, and hormonal factors. Common conditions related to ED include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, testosterone deficiency, and prostate cancer treatment.

Performance anxiety and relationship issues are common psychological causes. Medications and substance use can cause or exacerbate ED; antidepressants and tobacco use are the most common.

ED is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly in men with metabolic

syndrome

Second-line treatments include alprostadil and vacuum buy sildenafil 20 mg devices. Surgically implanted penile prostheses are an option when other treatments have been ineffective.

Counseling is recommended for men with psychogenic ED.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.1 ED becomes more common as men age ( Figure 1 ) .2 At least 12 million U.S. Current smoking is significantly associated with ED, and smoking cessation has a beneficial effect on the restoration of erectile function. Men with metabolic syndrome should be counseled to make lifestyle modifications to reduce

the

A =

consistent

Men with metabolic syndrome should be counseled to make lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and ED. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are the first-line treatment for ED.

A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series.

For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to https://www.aafp.org/afpsort .

BEST PRACTICES IN UROLOGY: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE CHOOSING WISELY CAMPAIGN.

Do not prescribe testosterone to men with erectile dysfunction who have normal testosterone levels. Source: For more information on the Choosing Wisely Campaign, see http://www.choosingwisely.org. For supporting citations and to search Choosing Wisely recommendations relevant to primary care, see https://www.aafp.org/afp/recommendations/search.htm .

BEST PRACTICES IN UROLOGY: RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE CHOOSING WISELY CAMPAIGN.

Do not prescribe testosterone to men with erectile dysfunction who have normal testosterone levels.

Source: For more information on the Choosing Wisely Campaign, see http://www.choosingwisely.org.

For supporting citations and to search Choosing Wisely recommendations relevant to primary care, see https://www.aafp.org/afp/recommendations/search.htm .

The prevalence of erectile dysfunction increases with age. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction increases with age. Abstract Diagnosis Causes and Related Conditions History and Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation Treatment Managing Psychogenic ED References. The five-question International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) allows rapid clinical assessment of ED and can measure the effectiveness of ED treatments (see https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0201/p305.html#afp20100201p305-t3). Other diagnostic options include a single-question self-assessment (Table 1) 4 and the Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory.5.

Single-Question Assessment of Erectile Dysfunction. Impotence means not being able to get and keep an erection that is rigid enough for satisfactory sexual activity. Not impotent: always able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse.

Minimally impotent: usually able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse.

Moderately impotent: sometimes able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse.

Completely impotent: never able to get and sildenafil online reddit keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse. Single-Question Assessment of Erectile Dysfunction. Impotence means not being able to get and keep an erection that is rigid enough for satisfactory sexual activity.

Not impotent: always able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse. Minimally impotent: usually able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse.

Moderately impotent: sometimes able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse.

Completely impotent: never able to get and keep an erection good enough for sexual intercourse. Abstract Diagnosis Causes and Related Conditions History and Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation Treatment Managing Psychogenic ED References. ED has vascular, neurologic, psychological, and hormonal causes.

Conditions commonly associated with ED include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, testosterone deficiency, and prostate cancer treatment (Table 2) .6 – 8 Performance anxiety and relationship issues are common psychological causes. Erectile Dysfunction: Related Conditions and Approaches to Evaluation.

Endocrine disorders (e.g., hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders) History and physical examination; if an endocrine disorder is sildenafil online reddit suspected, consider laboratory testing.

Blood pressure; fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels; waist circumference. Neurologic conditions (e.g., multiple sclerosis,

Parkinson

and

Blood pressure; fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels; waist circumference.

Neurologic conditions (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, spinal cord injury, stroke) History and physical examination.

Prostate cancer treatment (e.g., surgery, radiation, hormone therapy) Psychological conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt, history of sexual abuse, marital or relationship problems, stress) History and physical examination; if venous leakage is suspected, consider urology consultation for venous flow testing. Many medications cause or exacerbate ED (Table 3) .9 – 12 Antidepressants are a common cause, especially the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors citalopram (Celexa), fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft), and the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine.

Bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), and fluvoxamine are less likely to cause ED.11 Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs can cause ED.13 , 14 Marijuana use may cause ED, although further study is needed.15.

Medications and Substances That May Cause or Contribute to Erectile Dysfunction. Alcohol, nicotine, and illicit drugs (e.g., amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, marijuana, opiates) Analgesics (e.g., opiates) Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin [Dilantin]) Antidepressants (e.g., lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants) Antihistamines (e.g., dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine [Benadryl], hydroxyzine, meclizine [Antivert], promethazine) Antihypertensives (e.g., alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, clonidine, methyldopa, reserpine) Antiparkinson agents (e.g., bromocriptine [Parlodel], levodopa, trihexyphenidyl) Antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide [Orap], thioridazine, thiothixene) Cardiovascular agents (e.g., digoxin, disopyramide [Norpace], gemfibrozil [Lopid]) Cytotoxic agents (e.g., methotrexate) Diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, thiazides) Hormones and hormone-active agents (e.g., 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, androgen receptor blockers, androgen synthesis inhibitors, corticosteroids, estrogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, progesterones) Immunomodulators (e.g., interferon alfa) Tranquilizers (e.g., benzodiazepines) Information from references 9 through 12 . Medications and Substances That May Cause or Contribute to Erectile Dysfunction.

Alcohol, nicotine, and illicit drugs (e.g., amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, marijuana, opiates) Analgesics (e.g., opiates) Anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, phenytoin [Dilantin]) Antidepressants (e.g., lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants) Antihistamines (e.g., dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine [Benadryl], hydroxyzine, meclizine [Antivert], promethazine) Antihypertensives (e.g., alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, clonidine, methyldopa, reserpine) Antiparkinson agents (e.g., bromocriptine [Parlodel], levodopa, trihexyphenidyl) Antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pimozide [Orap], thioridazine, thiothixene) Cardiovascular agents (e.g., digoxin, disopyramide [Norpace], gemfibrozil [Lopid]) Cytotoxic agents (e.g., methotrexate) Diuretics (e.g., spironolactone, thiazides) Hormones and hormone-active agents (e.g., 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, androgen receptor blockers, androgen synthesis inhibitors, corticosteroids, estrogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, progesterones) Immunomodulators (e.g., interferon alfa) Tranquilizers (e.g., benzodiazepines) Information from references 9 through 12 .

ED has been linked to each

component

? 100 mg per dL (5.6 mmol per L) High-density lipoprotein level† *— Criteria listed are the harmonized criteria proposed by the joint statement from the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.

At least three criteria must be present to diagnose metabolic syndrome .

†— Patients currently receiving drugs to manage lipid disorders or high blood pressure are considered positive for these criteria .

‡— Thresholds

according

Thresholds listed are from the International Diabetes Federation.

However, the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute set thresholds of 40 inches (102 cm) for U.S.

women, noting that there is increased risk at the lower

International

Metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance sildenafil online reddit and prediabetes . ? 100 mg per dL (5.6 mmol per L) High-density lipoprotein level† *— Criteria listed are the harmonized criteria proposed by the joint statement from the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. At least three criteria must be present to diagnose metabolic syndrome . †— Patients

currently

‡— Thresholds according to International Diabetes Federation recommendations .

§— Thresholds for white patients differ significantly according to the recommending organization.

Thresholds listed are from the International Diabetes Federation. However, the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute set thresholds of 40 inches (102 cm) for U.S. women, noting that there is increased risk at the lower International Diabetes Federation values . Metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance and prediabetes . Low serum testosterone levels are one factor that may explain the relationship between metabolic syndrome and ED.23 The adipose tissue enzyme aromatase prevalent in obese men converts testosterone into estradiol, a significant cause of hypogonadism.24 – 26 Adipocytes also generate inflammatory cytokines associated with impaired endothelial function, cardiovascular events, and ED.27 – 29. Patients with diabetes are three times more likely to develop ED, and a longer duration of diabetes is strongly associated with ED.18 , 30 , 31 Metabolic syndrome is associated

with

ED is associated with an increased risk of CVD, coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and all-cause mortality, and it is probably an sildenafil online reddit sildenafil online reddit independent risk factor for CVD.35.

ED typically

occurs

ED has a positive predictive value for the development of CVD that is equal to or greater than that for smoking, hyperlipidemia, or a family history of myocardial infarction.37 , 39 ED can accurately predict silent CAD.40 – 45 ED in men 40 to 49 years of age is more predictive of CAD than in older men.36 In one study, the incidence of CAD in men younger than 40 years who had ED was seven times that in the control population.46 ED is a useful marker for assessing cardiovascular risk, particularly in younger men and minorities, for whom global risk assessment calculators may underestimate actual

risk

obesity

Physical

A thyroid-stimulating hormone level is recommended for men with signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Routine measurement of testosterone levels is controversial.

As part of the Choosing Wisely campaign, the American Urological Association recommends that physicians not prescribe testosterone to men with ED who have normal testosterone levels.

A diagnosis of hypogonadism must be based on more than just an abnormal laboratory test result.51 Measurement of morning total testosterone may be considered for men with small testes, lack of male secondary sex characteristics, significantly low libido, or a history of inadequate response to phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors; if the initial result is abnormal, the test should be repeated in a few months.

Free testosterone levels vary widely across laboratories buy sildenafil reddit and are not uniformly recommended for screening.

However, when hypogonadism is clinically suspected but the morning total testosterone level is repeatedly normal, bioavailable testosterone or free testosterone may account for the effects of sex hormone–binding globulin levels on testosterone activity. Levels of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone–binding globulin, estradiol, and prolactin can help differentiate between primary and secondary causes of testicular hypogonadism.52. Abstract Diagnosis Causes and Related Conditions History and Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation Treatment Managing Psychogenic ED References.

An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of ED is shown in Figure 2 .6 – 17 , 33 , 49 – 68.

Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of erectile dysfunction.

Information from references 6 through 17 , 33, and 49 through 68 . Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of erectile dysfunction. Information from references 6 through 17 , 33, and 49 through 68 .

Lifestyle modifications can improve IIEF-5 scores in men with ED.53 Regular exercise, weight loss in obese or overweight men, and improved control of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia are recommended.

Weight loss can modestly improve low testosterone levels, although the extent of the benefit on ED is unclear.54 Statin use seems to improve ED, as measured by IIEF-5 scores.55 Tobacco cessation is highly recommended.

Compared with men who have never smoked, the risk of ED is increased by 51% in current smokers and 20% for ex-smokers.14.

Oral PDE-5 inhibitors are first-line treatments for ED.57 Sexual stimulation is needed to produce an erection; the PDE-5 inhibitor helps to maintain the erection by enhancing the vasodilatory effects of endogenous nitric oxide.

Four PDE-5 inhibitors with similar effectiveness and safety profiles are currently approved by the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment of ED: avanafil (Stendra), sildenafil (Viagra), tadalafil (Cialis), and vardenafil (Levitra).

Table 4 summarizes these medications.56 – 58 All are effective within about one hour of dosing and are typically used on an as-needed basis.

The effects may be delayed or decreased if the patient has recently eaten a fatty meal, particularly for sildenafil and vardenafil.69 PDE-5 inhibitors are ineffective in some men, particularly those with severe ED. Headache, flushing, and dyspepsia are common adverse effects.58 PDE-5 inhibitors are contraindicated in men using nitroglycerin or other nitrates because of the risk of catastrophic low blood pressure. Tadalafil has a longer half-life, which gives men the option of taking it up to 12 hours before sex or as a lower-dose, once-daily medication; however, adverse effects also last longer. Vardenafil is available as a 10-mg oral disintegrating tablet. Sildenafil is the only PDE-5 inhibitor that is available generically; generic formulations of other agents are expected to be available in 2017 to 2019.

Insurance coverage for these medications is limited, and prescriptions may require prior authorization. PDE-5 Inhibitors for Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. NA ($280 for 30 tablets) 10 or 20 mg once daily as needed. note : Contraindications include concomitant use of nitrates, stroke or myocardial infarction in the past six to

eight

NA = not available or not applicable; PDE-5 = phosphodiesterase-5 . *— Other PDE-5 inhibitors not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration include lodenafil, mirodenafil, and udenafil . †— Estimated retail cost based on information from http://www.goodrx.com (accessed July 27, 2016).