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note : Contraindications include concomitant use of nitrates, stroke or myocardial infarction in the past six to eight weeks, significantly low blood pressure, uncontrolled high blood pressure, unstable angina, severe cardiac failure, severe liver impairment, and end-stage kidney disease requiring dialysis. Lower doses should be used in patients with chronic kidney disease or moderate liver impairment . NA = not available or not applicable; PDE-5 = phosphodiesterase-5 .

*— Other PDE-5 inhibitors not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration include lodenafil, mirodenafil, and udenafil . †— Estimated retail cost based on information from http://www.goodrx.com (accessed July 27, 2016). Generic price listed first; brand price in parentheses .

Second-line treatments for ED include alprostadil (Caverject) and vacuum devices.

These treatments can be used to establish an erection before sexual stimulation. They should be avoided in men who are receiving anticoagulants or who have sickle cell disease or other bleeding or clotting disorders.

Alprostadil causes penile vasodilation by relaxing arterial smooth muscle; it is available in injectable and intraurethral forms and can be used in combination with PDE-5 inhibitors. Injectable alprostadil is administered intracavernosally into one side of the penis.

Intra-urethral alprostadil cialis pills near me is a dissolvable pellet that is placed into the urethra with an applicator.59 The injectable form is more effective.60 The lowest effective

dose

Patients should be warned to seek emergency urologic treatment if an erection lasts four hours or longer.

Penile fibrosis is another possible adverse effect; in one study, persistent fibrotic changes occurred in 4.9% of patients using intracavernosal alprostadil for four years.61 A similar ED treatment that has not been approved by the FDA is intracavernosal injection of compounded mixtures of alprostadil, papaverine, and phentolamine.60. Vacuum devices consist of a tube that is placed over the penis and sealed at the base with lubricant ( Figure 3 ) .62 A vacuum pump removes air from the tube, pulling blood into the penis and creating an erection.

A constricting ring is then slid off the base of the tube onto the penis to maintain the erection. To prevent ischemic damage, the constricting ring should generally not be left in place for more than 30 minutes. Vacuum devices can be cumbersome, require several minutes to produce an erection, may lead to bending at the base of the penis where the ring is in place, and will cause the erect penis to seem cool or cold because of restricted blood flow.

However, success and satisfaction rates are fairly high.63 Vacuum devices can be used in combination with an oral PDE-5 inhibitor or with alprostadil for men who have not had success with single-component treatment.

These devices are also useful in men receiving daily nitroglycerin or other long-term nitrate therapy, in whom PDE-5 inhibitors are contraindicated. Patients can obtain vacuum devices at medical supply companies by presenting a physician's prescription. Surgically implanted penile prostheses are a third-line treatment option for ED when other treatments have been ineffective.

Semirigid malleable prostheses are the simplest and easiest to implant, but they can be difficult to conceal because the penis is always erect. Inflatable prostheses typically consist of two tubes that replace the corpora cavernosa, plus a pump in the scrotum and an intra-abdominal reservoir ( eFigure A ) .

Mechanical failure or infection may require removal of the prosthesis.

Risks include scarring, penile shortening, and recurrent infections.

Prostheses coated with antibiotics have been used to reduce the risk of infection.64.

Abstract Diagnosis Causes and Related Conditions History and Physical Examination Laboratory

Evaluation

Many men have ED that is predominantly or exclusively caused by psychological or interpersonal factors.65 Psychogenic ED occurs at all ages but is most common in men younger than 40 years. A thorough history can elicit potential causes such as performance anxiety and relationship conflicts, which distract attention and impair sexual arousal.

Problems such as premature ejaculation, genital pain, or dyspareunia can lead to psychogenic ED, as can cultural or religious taboos or a history of sexual abuse. Although men and their partners may resist a psychological explanation for ED, counseling can be effective.60.

ED of mixed organic and psychogenic origin is common. Psychogenic causes are more likely when the patient has normal erections with masturbation or cialis pills near me when nocturnal penile tumescence is normal.

Devices are available to measure the number, duration, and rigidity of erections during sleep. However, normal nocturnal erections do not always correlate with sexually relevant erections, and this test may be unreliable in older or anxious patients.66. When ED coexists with depression or anxiety, treatment of the mood disorder may be the most appropriate first step.

If antidepressants are used, the specific agent should be one that is less likely to worsen ED (e.g., bupropion, mirtazapine, fluvoxamine). PDE-5 inhibitors are effective in men with depression and can be used in combination with treatments for mood disorders.67. This

article

Patient information: See related handout on erectile dysfunction, written by the author of this article. Abstract Prevalence Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Evaluation Treatment Link to Cardiovascular Disease References. Abstract Prevalence Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Evaluation Treatment Link to Cardiovascular Disease References. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common sexual problem in men.

The incidence increases with age and affects up to one third of men throughout their lives.

It causes a substantial negative impact on intimate relationships, quality of life, and self-esteem.

History and physical examination are sufficient to make a diagnosis of ED in most cases, because there is no preferred, first-line diagnostic test.

Initial diagnostic workup should usually be limited to a fasting serum glucose level and lipid panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone test, and morning total testosterone level. First-line therapy for ED consists of lifestyle changes, modifying drug therapy that may cause ED, and pharmacotherapy with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking greatly increase the risk of ED.

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are the most effective oral drugs for treatment of ED, including ED associated with diabetes mellitus, spinal cord injury, and antidepressants. Intraurethral and intracavernosal alprostadil, vacuum pump devices, and surgically implanted penile prostheses are alternative therapeutic options when phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors fail. Testosterone supplementation in men with hypogonadism improves ED and libido, but requires interval monitoring of hemoglobin, serum transaminase, and prostate-specific antigen levels because of an increased risk of prostate adenocarcinoma.

Cognitive behavior therapy and therapy aimed at improving relationships may help to improve ED.

Screening for cardiovascular risk factors should be considered in men with ED, because symptoms of ED present on average three years earlier than symptoms of coronary artery disease.

Men with ED are at increased risk of coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined by the National Institutes of Health as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance.1 ED is the most common sexual problem in men; it often causes serious distress, prompting

men

It often has a profound effect on intimate relationships, quality of life, and overall

self-esteem

Testosterone supplementation in men with hypogonadism improves erectile dysfunction and libido.

Screening for cardiovascular risk factors should be considered in men with erectile dysfunction. A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series.

For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml .

Diagnostic testing for erectile dysfunction should usually be limited to obtaining a fasting serum glucose level and lipid panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone test, and morning total testosterone level. First-line therapy for erectile dysfunction should consist of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are most effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus and spinal cord injury, and of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressants. Additional therapy for erectile dysfunction may consist of psychosocial therapy and testosterone supplementation in men with hypogonadism.

Testosterone supplementation in men with hypogonadism improves erectile dysfunction and libido. Screening for cardiovascular risk factors should be considered in men with erectile dysfunction.

A = consistent, good-quality patient-oriented evidence; B = inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C = consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating system, go to https://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml .

Abstract Prevalence Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Evaluation Treatment Link to Cardiovascular Disease References. Many men associate advancing age with declining sexual function and an overall decreased quality of life.

ED affects up to one third of men throughout their lives, and the incidence increases with age.

health professionals found the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men to be 12 percent in those younger than cialis pills near me 59 years, 22 percent in those 60 to 69 years of age, and 30 percent in those older than 69 years.3 Persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a threefold greater risk of ED compared with the general population.4 Depression increases the risk of ED, but it is not clear if this relationship is causal.5. Abstract Prevalence Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Evaluation Treatment Link to Cardiovascular Disease References.

ED may result from organic causes (e.g., overnight delivery cialis vascular, neurogenic, hormonal, anatomic, drug-induced), psychological causes, or a combination of both.

A normal sexual erectile response results from the interaction between neurotransmitter, biochemical, and vascular smooth muscle responses initiated by parasympathetic and sympathetic neuronal triggers that integrate physiologic stimuli of the penis with sexual perception and desire.

Nitric oxide produced from endothelial cells after parasympathetic stimuli triggers a molecular cascade that results in smooth muscle relaxation and arterial influx of blood into the corpus cavernosum.

This is followed by compression of venous return, which produces an erection.6.

History of pelvic irradiation or surgery, including radical prostatectomy. Hormonal disorders (e.g., hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia) Illicit drug use (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) Medications (e.g., antihistamines, benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Neurologic conditions (e.g., Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, paraplegia, quadriplegia, stroke) Psychological conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt, history of sexual abuse, marital or relationship problems, stress) Information from reference 9 .

History of pelvic irradiation or surgery, including radical prostatectomy.

Hormonal disorders (e.g., hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, hyperprolactinemia) Illicit drug use (e.g., cocaine, methamphetamine) Medications (e.g., antihistamines, benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Neurologic conditions (e.g., Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson disease, paraplegia, quadriplegia, stroke) Psychological conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt, history of sexual abuse, marital or relationship problems, stress) Information from reference 9 . Abstract Prevalence Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Evaluation Treatment Link to Cardiovascular Disease References. There is no preferred, first-line diagnostic test for ED, and routine screening is not recommended. History and physical examination are sufficient in making an accurate diagnosis of ED in most cases.

Penile duplex ultrasonography is not a useful diagnostic test for ED.7 The American Urological Association (AUA) recommends that the initial evaluation of ED include a complete medical, sexual, and psychosocial history.8 The medical history may reveal comorbid conditions, risk factors related to ED ( Table 1 ),9 or medications that contribute to ED ( Table 2 ).6 Sexual history should focus on erection adequacy, altered libido, quality and timing of orgasm, volume and appearance of ejaculate, presence of sexually-induced genital pain or penile curvature (Peyronie disease), and partner sexual function.

The five-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire is a validated survey instrument that can be used to assess the severity of ED symptoms ( Table 3 ).10. Medications and Substances That May Cause or Contribute to

Erectile

Lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants. Dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine (Benadryl), hydroxyzine (Vistaril), meclizine (Antivert), promethazine (Phenergan) Alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, clonidine (Catapres), methyldopa, reserpine. Bromocriptine (Parlodel), levodopa, trihexyphenidyl.

Digoxin, disopyramide (Norpace), gemfibrozil (Lopid) Spironolactone (Aldactone), thiazides. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, corticosteroids, estrogens, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, progesterone. Amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, heroin, marijuana. Medications and Substances That May Cause or Contribute to Erectile Dysfunction. Lithium, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants.

Dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine (Benadryl), hydroxyzine (Vistaril), meclizine (Antivert), promethazine (Phenergan) Alpha blockers, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, clonidine (Catapres), methyldopa, reserpine. Bromocriptine (Parlodel), levodopa, trihexyphenidyl. Digoxin, disopyramide (Norpace), gemfibrozil (Lopid) Spironolactone (Aldactone), thiazides. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, corticosteroids, estrogens,

luteinizing

Amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, heroin, marijuana.

Five-Item Version of the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire.

How do you rate your confidence that you could get and keep an erection?

When you had erections with sexual stimulation, how often were your erections hard enough for penetration?

During sexual intercourse, how often were you able to maintain your erection after you had penetrated (entered) your partner? During sexual intercourse, how difficult was it to maintain your erection to completion of intercourse? When you attempted sexual intercourse, how often was it satisfactory for you?

note : The score is the sum of the above five question responses. Erectile dysfunction is classified based on these scores: 17 to 21 = mild; 12 to 16 = mild to moderate; 8 to 11 = moderate; 5 to 7 = severe .

Adapted with permission from Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD, Lipsky J, Pena BM. Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction . Five-Item Version of the International Index of Erectile Function Questionnaire.

How do you rate your confidence that you could get and keep an erection? When you had erections with sexual stimulation, how often were your erections hard enough for penetration?

During sexual intercourse, how

often

During sexual intercourse, how difficult was it to maintain your erection to completion of intercourse?

When you attempted sexual intercourse, how often was it satisfactory for you?

note : The score is the sum of the above five question responses.

Erectile dysfunction is classified based on these scores: 17 to 21 = mild; 12 to 16 = mild to moderate; 8 to 11 = moderate; 5 to 7 = severe . Adapted with permission from Rosen RC, Cappelleri JC, Smith MD,

Lipsky

evaluation

The physical examination should assess blood pressure and heart rate; body habitus, for central obesity; and cardiovascular, neurologic, and genitourinary systems, including penile, testicular, and digital rectal examinations ( Figure 1 ).8 , 9 , 11 – 14 The AUA and World Health Organization recommend limited diagnostic testing in men with ED.

This may include a fasting serum glucose level and lipid panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone test, and morning total testosterone level.8 , 11 Additional diagnostic testing and urologic evaluation may be warranted in cases of ED refractory to standard therapies ( Table 4 ).11 Clues to the diagnosis of ED are listed in Table 5 .

Algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Additional Testing in the Workup of Erectile Dysfunction.

Laboratory investigations (complete blood count; free testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin levels; sex hormone-binding globulin test; urinalysis) Psychological or psychiatric consultation.

Neurophysiologic testing (vibrometry; bulbocavernosus reflex latency; cavernosal electromyography; somatosensory evoked potential test; pudendal and sphincter electromyography) Nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity assessment. Specialized endocrinologic testing (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function studies; magnetic resonance imaging of the sella turcica) Vascular diagnostics (duplex ultrasonography; penile pharmacocavernosometry and pharmacocavernosography; penile arteriography; computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging; nuclear imaging) Adapted with permission from Jardin A, Wagner G, Khoury S, et al.

Recommendations of the 1st International Consultation on Erectile Dysfunction. Plymouth, U.K.: Health Publication Ltd, 2000:718–719 .

Additional Testing in the Workup of Erectile Dysfunction. Laboratory investigations (complete blood count; free testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and prolactin levels; sex hormone-binding globulin test; urinalysis) Psychological or psychiatric consultation. Neurophysiologic testing (vibrometry; bulbocavernosus reflex latency; cavernosal electromyography; somatosensory

evoked

Specialized endocrinologic testing (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function studies; magnetic resonance imaging of the sella turcica)

Vascular

Recommendations of the 1st International Consultation on Erectile Dysfunction.

Plymouth, U.K.: Health Publication Ltd, 2000:718–719 . Abstract Prevalence Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Evaluation Treatment Link to Cardiovascular Disease References. First-line therapy for ED is aimed at lifestyle changes and modifying pharmacotherapy that may contribute to ED8 ( Table 2 6).

Sedentary lifestyle, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, may also be a modifiable risk factor for ED.15 Obesity nearly doubles the risk of ED3; one study determined that one third of men who were obese improved their ED with moderate weight loss and an increase in the amount and duration of regular exercise.14 The risk of moderate or total ED is almost double in men who smoke compared with nonsmokers.16 Patient education should be aimed at increasing exercise, losing weight to achieve a body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg per m 2 , and stopping smoking. Psychological causes (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt, history of sexual abuse, marital or relationship problems, stress) Decreased appearance and volume of ejaculate. Chronic prostatitis, normal aging process, obstruction of ejaculatory duct(s), retrograde ejaculation. Chronic fatigue syndrome, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, psychological conditions. Impaired quality and timing of orgasm, including anorgasmia. Alcohol abuse, Cushing syndrome, hyper- or hypothyroidism, medications (e.g., antihistamines, antipsychotics, beta blockers, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, thiazides, tricyclic antidepressants), psychological causes, surgery of the pelvis or prostate.

History of sexual abuse, genital piercings, sexually transmitted infections (e.g., genital herpes) Assessment of body habitus for central obesity.

Cushing syndrome, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome. Cauda equina syndrome, spinal stenosis, surgery of the pelvis or prostate, trauma. Atherosclerotic vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease. Peyronie disease, ruptured corpora cavernosum, venous leakage. Anxiety, hyperthyroidism, stimulant abuse, underlying cardiovascular disease.

Epididymitis, hypogonadism, testicular cancer, varicocele.

Psychological causes (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt, history of sexual abuse, marital or relationship problems, stress) Decreased appearance and volume of ejaculate.

Chronic prostatitis, normal aging process, obstruction of ejaculatory duct(s), retrograde ejaculation. Chronic fatigue syndrome, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, psychological conditions.